Childhood Sexual Abuse Impacting the Etiology of Eating Disorders Essay

Childhood Sexual Abuse Impacting the Etiology of Eating Disorders Today's literature estimates that as many as 1 in 3 females and 1 in 7 boys have been the victim of sexual abuse. There are about 2,000 to 3,000 new cases of incest each year in each major city in the United States. It is reported by the National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse that in 1993, 2.9 million children were reported to protective services because they were being abused, neglected, or both (Schwartz). 16% of these 2.9 million children had been sexually abused. It is estimated that there are 60 million survivors of childhood sexual abuse in America today http://www.prevent-abuse-now.com/stats.htm#Disclosure. This childhood sexual abuse has been implicated by some eating disorder experts as a factor in the etiology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Eating disorder experts are currently engaged in heated debate concerning whether sexual abuse is a specific risk factor or a general risk factor in the development of eating disorders. Those who propose a spec ific link hypothesis believe that eating disorders are directly related to early sexual abuse and are a form of gender specific posttraumatic stress disorder. The proponents of the specific link hypothesis believe that their exists "complex, multiple mediating mechanisms between sexual abuse and disordered eating" (Kearney-Cook, 1994). They believe that sexual abuse has a direct effect on the victims body image. There is an emphasis on the "adverse effects of sexual abuse on body esteem, self-regulation, identity, and on interpersonal functioning" (Kearney-Cook, 1994). Those on the opposite side of the argument believe that eating disorders are not specifically caused by sex... ...ke-Kearney, Ann and Striegel-Moore, Ruth H. (1994). Treatment of Childhood Sexual Abuse in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa: A Feminist Psychodynamic Approach. International Journal Of Eating Disorders, 4, 305 - 319 Waller, Glenn. (1991). Sexual Abuse as a Factor in Eating Disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 664 - 671 Kinzl, Johann F., et al. (1994). Family Background and Sexual Abuse Associated with Eating Disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1127 - 1130 Moyer, Diane M, et al. (1997). Childhood Sexual Abuse and Precursors of Binge Eating in an Adolescent Female Population. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 21, 23 - 30 Zlotnick, Caron, et al. (1996). The Relationship Between Sexual Abuse and Eating Pathology. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 20, 129 - 134

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Today's society, the media has succeeded in brainwashing the world . Things like, â€Å"Thin is in† â€Å"fat is out†, â€Å"eat this†, † your beautiful if you look like this†, the list goes on and on. From the media, to weight loss company, magazine articles and cosmetic lines, they all want women to take their advice because of course they know what's best for you as a woman, right?Self-esteem, according to an article on the United States Small Business Administration (SABA) website entitled, â€Å"Self Esteem,† is appreciating one's own worth ND importance and having the character to be accountable for oneself and to act responsibly toward others. It Is a confidence and satisfaction In oneself, and an absolute necessity (2001, pig. 1). The article also states that â€Å"nearly 1/3 of all Americans suffer from low self-esteem† (pig. 1).The media, specifically women's fashion magazines, is increasingly being held for the self-esteem epi demic that plagues' our society. In almost every woman's fashion magazine such as Ell, Cosmopolitan, and Glamour are advice articles on dating and sex, weight loss and beauty. In fact, the subtitles for these articles are on almost every cover of every issue of these publications. However, these same magazines consistently put thin, attractive women on the cover of their magazines as well.Studying how these advice columns in women fashion magazines affect women will determine how often and to what extent women rely on these articles, therefore assisting in understanding the role communications and its mediums have on society. Women's fashion magazines demonstrate how a woman should look and act and therefore have been criticized for Dolling the thin, attractive female. An article In the Journal of Family and analysis of body related content in Girl Zone,† in essence states that mainstream women's fashion magazines make physical appearance out to be the most important aspect of a woman.The problem is that these magazines use the thin, attractive women in their magazines without explaining to the reader that the pictures have been airbrushed and therefore are presenting â€Å"fake idols†. Women's magazines have always have always had a large effect on women's actions, mainly by indirectly dictating the role a woman should have in society. The easiest way this can be done is by publishing advice columns that â€Å"teach† women how to keep a man and how to â€Å"look beautiful†.Today's women's fashion magazines, such as Vogue, Cosmopolitan, and Mademoiselle not only affect women, but also young girls. An article entitled â€Å"Narrative analysis of sexual etiquette in teenage magazines† found in the Journal of Communication discusses the messages teen magazines send to young women about social and cultural norms for sex and sexual relationships (Garner, Steer & Adams, 1998). The study suggests teen magazines teach women to accept men for who they re and to change themselves so that men will desire them. The authors explain that â€Å"the rhetoric of sexual etiquette encourages young women to be sex objects and teachers of interpersonal communication rather than lovers, friends, and partners. Young women are being taught to subordinate self for others and to be contained† (pig. 59). Being a woman in today's' society is tough. You have to try to be something that you are not, and unless you can afford the latest diet plan, newest makeup line, or latest fashion trend you will be left behind.It would make more ensue to promote self-worth and happiness, but that would be too easy, and how can companies capitalize and make money from you being happy with yourself? They cannot. So to make you feel like something is wrong with yourself, they have come up with way on how to improve yourself so that you can learn to accept yourself, and so will others. Not to say that all magazines are alike, because they are n ot, but for the most part they want you to see and do things the way they see best, and if you don't, then society will not accept you and neither will anyone else.

Analysis of UK McDonalds Sales Decline - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2190 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Report Level High school Topics: Fast Food Essay McDonalds Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The aim of this report is to analyse the current situation of McDonalds as an organisation in the UK market and to evaluate their current sales decline. The primary focus is to provide a detailed analysis of the organisation and its position in the UK market, developing a link between declining sales and the overall shift in consumer behaviour. The report initially provides an overview of McDonalds as an organisation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis of UK McDonalds Sales Decline" essay for you Create order This is followed by a detailed evaluation of the firms current position in the market which links back to why sales are declining for the firm and what are the root causes for this in the business. This is followed by a recommendations section which develops a ground up strategy for the organisation to improve its performance in the UK market. McDonalds Overview McDonalds UK is part of the larger group called McDonalds, which operates in over 100 countries. The organisation reported a revenue of $33 billion in 2014 and has over 400,000 employees worldwide (McDonalds Annual Report, 2014). As an organisation the firm operates over 36,000 outlets which is more than any other retailer across the globe. Before moving on, it needs to be highlighted that while McDonalds operates with a global menu, the organisation also develops bespoke products for some of the markets based on demand in the region (BBC, 2014). McDonalds in the UK McDonalds is a well-known fast-food brand in the UK. It operates at over 3000 locations and has seen growth over the past 10 year (McDonalds Annual Report, 2014). However, recently, McDonalds across the globe and in the UK highlighted a consistent decline in sales. Millington (2014) states that McDonalds has reported a drop in sales by 4% in the UK, which highlight that the firm is not on the same growth path as it used to be. Similar article was published by Bold (2015) where the author highlighted that the growth pattern of McDonalds has stopped and the firm, for the first time in 45 years, is re-structuring due to a rapid decline in sales. This is critical for a firm that operates at a global scale, a 4% drop is effectively billions of dollars that the firm is unable to convert. Neilan (2014) states that from an earnings point of view the overall decline is GBP 3.8billion which is a significant number. The Cause of this Decline While the previous section clearly highlights a downward trend in McDonalds market share in the UK, it is important to examine the overall cause of why this is happening. Doyle and Stern (2006) state that the UK market is one of the most rapidly declining fast food industries in Europe. This indicates that there is a change in trend within the market that is impacting the fast food business the market. Research conducted by Long et al (2014) states that one of the major reasons as to why there is a sharp decline in fast food consumption is obesity. The core notion here is that over the past 8 years more cases of obesity have been reported by the NHS than that in over 50 years (Pieterman, 2015). This is critical as health services often term junk food as a cause of the obese society in the UK. McDonalds being one of the main suppliers of fast food is directly impacted by this change and stance by the NHS. The UK government has highlighted obesity as a high risk to individuals hea lth this was backed by the NHS (Nutrition and Food Science, 2012). This is one of the major factors that has impacted the McDonalds market share and declining sales. Another important aspect linked with the loss in revenue and sales is associated with the fact that there is a shift in consumer behaviour towards fast food. Bernhardt et al (2012) state that an average UK individual is now 4 times more conscious of what they are eating from a health point of view. This clearly highlights that users now tend to look for healthy food options, which has a direct impact on the sales and revenue of McDonalds. Hence consumer behaviour plays a vitally important role in the current position of McDonalds in the market. There is also a consumer shift that is focused away to healthier fast food chains. Bloomberg (2015) highlights that 4 out of 10 individuals that skip McDonalds move on to buy a Subway meal as they consider it a healthy alternate to McDonalds. Another important aspect that i s linked with the lack of sales is the inability of the firm to innovate and diversify. McDonald UKs menu has not changed over the past 50 years, and this has a direct impact on the buyers and how they perceive a firm from an innovation as well as a development point of view. While McDonalds strategy has worked over a period of time, it is clearly showing signs of its limitations with rapid decline in overall business revenue. Finally, another important aspect linked with the decline of McDonalds is negative promotions through social media. Kotler and Keller (2012) highlight that the advent of social media means free information flow across the market. Regardless of the authenticity of the data, information on social media has a direct impact on business sales. McDonalds is often termed as the fast food chain that only cares about revenue and not about consumer health, and social media has spread this aspect on a large scale. (Neilan, 2014) This therefore impacts the consumer buy ing behaviour and negatively impacts the sales of McDonalds in the UK market. All in all it is clear that the decline of the organisation in the UK is linked to the change in market conditions, consumer behaviour and a shift towards healthy living. It is also evident that McDonalds is highlighted as an organisation that is only working for its own good and hence its inability to innovate is clearly visible in the process. Recommendations, McDonalds The previous section of the report clearly highlighted multiple elements that need to be considered by McDonalds in order to improve its current situation in the UK market. Keeping the discussion in context, it is critical that viable recommendations for the business are developed in order to improve the sales performance of the organisation. In order to develop a new model and to improve the overall position of the organisation in the market, it is recommended that McDonalds launches a new product line called McDonalds Health! as discussed below. McDonalds Health: healthy Fast Food for the Masses! One of the primary reasons linked with the rapid decline in sales for the business is the perception and the overall type of food served by the business. This food is classified as unhealthy by various individuals and organisations. Keeping this in context, it is recommended that McDonalds starts a new product which is under the umbrella of the current organisation. The idea here would be to develop a unique product line focused on the healthy aspect of the market. Keeping this new product line a focused segmentation, targeting and positioning strategy is discussed in the table below. Segmentation McDonalds health will be segmented through the current geographical positions of McDonald fast food chains. The idea would be to start with the areas where sales have declined the most and launch the product line focused on geography as well as behavioural segmentation in order to target the most health conscious areas of the country. Targeting The target market for this new product line will be individuals that are health centric. The main driving force here would be behavioural targeting which impact the consumer buying behaviour significantly. The idea would be to develop a viable path to brand awareness through a focused target market consisting of individuals that look for healthy food. Positioning As it stands McDonalds is positioned at the affordable end of the market. This is often highlighted as one of the major USPs of the firm. However, McDonalds Health will be targeted at the mid-tier end of the market, which would effectively mean that the brand will be considered a premium option as opposed to McDonalds current offering. The STP analysis highlights that McDonalds health will effectively be a premium, health version of the current brand, with a menu that is based around the concept of having healthy fast food. After highlighting the STP strategy it is now important to define the overall promotional strategy of the new product line. Hooley et al (2012) state that promotion forms one of the most important components of developing a viable business footprint in the market. Two key aspects will be used to promote the new brand: Traditional awareness market campaigns will be launched to enhance the overall visibility of the brand in the market. The idea would be to move into different malls in the form of kiosks, which would offer free tasters and highlight key features. This, along with a collaboration with various health agencies to certify the product as healthy will be used to promote the product line across the country. The second core aspect that needs to be highlighted here is linked with the development of a social media marketing approach which builds around healthy living. The idea here would not be to promote the product line or the sub-brand, but to link with real world scenarios and push it on social media as a story. The call out for this campaign will be #mchealth which is linked directly with the newly launched product line. This approach would allow the organisation to develop a viable path to promote the firm offering and therefore enhance the overall standing of the organisation in the market. Keeping this in context, it is now important to develop the marketing mix for the business (product line) as shown in the table below: Product Place The new product line will include a menu consisting of heath centric options. The idea would be to have a product line that is not only effective but also has a positive impact on the brand itself. The pricing structure of the product line will be different from the current approach. This product line will be placed at the mid-tier end of the market, hence falling in the semi-premium range. Place Promotion The product line will be sold through normal McDonald locations. The idea would be to start off with a few locations and build a hype around this, before moving towards a wider audience. Promotionally the core aspects are promotions through both traditional and non-traditional means. This would mean the focus would be on social media as well as creating awareness through traditional means. The end goal of this re-launch, or upgrade to the brand, is to effectively provide consumers with an option. The first step towards the development of a sales enhancement model is about making sure that the consumer perception and the buying process is enabled for the new product lined. With a health centric approach the idea is to provide a viable path for the development of a shift in the consumer thought process towards McDonalds. Conclusion Overall the report provides and in-depth analysis of why McDonalds as a firm is witnessing a decline in its current market share. This highlights that the organisation due to its inability to cope with the changes in the market is unable to react to the changing consumer behaviour towards fast food chains. It is also clear from the analysis that the organisation needs to re-vamp its current position in the market in order to develop a viable footprint. To do this it is recommended that a health centric product line is launched which would allow the organisation to focus on the shifting trends in the market. Coupled with effective marketing, McDonalds UK should be able to steer its sales back to the required position. References BBC (2015) McDonalds global sales continue to decline, Available from: Bernhardt,M. Mays,D. and Hall,A (2012) Social marketing at the right place and right time with new media, Journal of Social Marketing, Vol. 2 Iss: 2, pp.130 137 Bloomberg (2015) McDonalds US to shrink for the first time in 45 years, Available from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/11797531/McDonalds-US-to-shrink-for-the-first-time-in-45-years.html Bold, V. (2015) McDonalds reports falling global sales, with performance partly buoyed by UK, Available from: https://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/1330795/mcdonalds-reports-falling-global-sales-performance-partly-buoyed-uk Clive Long , Arleen Rowell , Anita Gayton , Elizabeth Hodgson , Olga Dolley , (2014) Tackling obesity and its complications in secure settings, Mental Health Review Journal, Vol. 19 Iss: 1, pp.37 46 Doyle,P. Stern,P. (2006), Marketing Management and Strategy, Harlow: Prentice Hall, Hooley, G. Piercy,N.F. Nicoulaud,B. (2012) Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning, Harlow: FT Prentice-Hall Kotler,P. Keller K. L. (2012), Marketing Management,14th Edn London: Prentice Hall McDonalds Annualreport (2014) Available from: https://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/content/dam/AboutMcDonalds/Investors/McDonalds%202014%20Annual%20Report.PDF Millington, A. (2014) McDonalds looks to pared-back UK menu to arrest global sales decline, Available from: https://www.marketingweek.com/2014/12/11/mcdonalds-looks-to-pared-back-uk-menu-to-arrest-global-sales-decline/ Neilan, C. (2014) McDonalds to restructure after significant decline in sales, Available from: https://www.cityam.com/1413895152/mcdonalds-review-and-restructure-after-significant-decline-sales Nurtrition and Food Science (2012) Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention, Nutrition Food Science, Vol. 42 Iss: 6, pp.458 458 Roel Pieterman (2015), Obesity as Disease and Deviance: Risk and Morality in Early 21st Century, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Vol.44 Iss:1, pp.117 138

The Geopolitical Challenges Of America - 1616 Words

Our Geopolitical Challenges America is a country that stands out from all the other countries. We have a strong system of government that listens to the people and is ran by the people. This does not however mean that we are without geopolitical challenges. We face many challenges such as immigration, human rights abuses, and terrorism. Each of these are issues that we, the people must face. However, two of the largest challenges our nation faces today is our dependency on foreign oil and our relations with Russia that could potentially lead to another Cold War. Americans, we like things and things require energy. The main source of energy for our country comes from oil. Some of our oil supply comes from foreign countries since our country†¦show more content†¦Let s say a gas line blows up in a foreign country America is depending on for oil, as soon as that explosion occurs our price for crude oil goes up. 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Effects Of Alcohol On Human Health - 1699 Words

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Results proveRead MoreAlcoholism And The Human Body1653 Words   |  7 PagesAlcoholism and the Human Body. Anita Samu Absher Southern New Hampshire University Abstract Alcoholism and the Human Body. â€Å"Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, is an intoxicating ingredient found in beer, wine, and liquor. Alcohol is produced by the fermentation of yeast, sugars, and starches† (cdc.gov, 2014) and it has been part of our society for thousands of years. It is part of most social occasions we participate in, it is often celebrate an event or even mourn a loss but this substance can also

Manipulation in William Shakespeare’s Othello Free Essays

Manipulation in William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello† In William Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Othello†, almost every character, and even the audience, is manipulated at least once. Iago, the villain, is responsible for most of this betrayal. He is a master at the art of deception. We will write a custom essay sample on Manipulation in William Shakespeare’s Othello or any similar topic only for you Order Now He gains the trust of the other characters by posing as a concerned friend. When they confide in him, he uses their weakness against them. He treats each character differently, telling them what they want to hear. He is so cunning that they are unaware of the manipulation and, after each encounter, trust him even more. With each lie, he moves closer to his goal of destroying Othello. Iago weaves an intricate web of deception. First, he targets Rodrigo. He preys on Rodrigo’s love for Desdemona and convinces him he can gain her affection if he helps him. Iago convinces Rodrigo that Desdemona will end her relationship with Othello if her father disapproves. Then, the two plot to involve Brabantio, Desdemona’s father. Iago speaks of how he will destroy Brabantio’s faith in his daughter when he says â€Å"Call up her father. Rouse him. Make after him; poison his delights† (1. 1. 70). He hereby manipulated Rodrigo, Brabantio, Desdemona and Othello in one swoop, still appearing to be the trustworthy confidant. The theme is further demonstrated through Iago’s manipulation of Othello, his main target. He is upset with his superior for promoting Cassio over him and has heard rumors that Othello slept with his wife. So, he begins planting the idea that Desdemona has been unfaithful with Cassio in Othello’s head. Iago says â€Å"Look to your wife. Observe her well with Cassio† (3. 3. 211). He proceeds to gain Othello’s trust and cultivates his deceit. He tells Othello he will get proof from Cassio by letting him listen in on their conversation. Cassio speaks of is date with Bianca, but Iago leads Othello to believe they are talking about Desdemona. At one point, Iago even enlists his wife to steal Desdemona’s handkerchief, which he uses to further convince Othello of her infidelity. When his manipulation results in Othello murdering his wife and finally committing suicide, Iago achieves his goal of vengeance. Iago manipulates each character through their individual weakness until his plan is complete. He plays each person against each other for his agenda. Meanwhile he remains to be seen as the good guy. Blinded by their own inequities, Iago preys upon his unsuspecting victims and uses the as pawns in his elaborate plan to destroy Othello. They are easily manipulated by their trusted friend. Iago is so masterful in his deception at times even the audience is almost fooled by his misleading charm. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Othello. † Gioia, X. J. Kennedy and Dana. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing 7th Edition. Boston: Peason, 2013. 1009-1102. print. How to cite Manipulation in William Shakespeare’s Othello, Papers

3d Animation in Film Industry free essay sample

1. 0Abstract Evidence of artistic interest in depicting figures in motion can be seen as early as the still drawings of Paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple sets of legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. [1] Other examples include a 5,200-year old earthen bowl found in Iran in Shahr-e Sukhteh and an ancient Egyptian mural. The Persian bowl has five images painted along the sides, showing phases of a goat leaping up to nip at a tree. 2][3] The Egyptian mural, found in the thomb of Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum, at the Beni Hassan cemetery. The paintings are approximately 4000 years old and show scenes of young soldiers being trained in wrestling and combat. [4] Egyptian burial chamber mural. Seven drawings by Leonardo da Vinci (ca. 1510) extending over two folios in the Windsor Collection, Anatomical Studies of the Muscles of the Neck, Shoulder, Chest, and Arm, show detailed drawings of the upper body (with a less-detailed facial image), illustrating the changes as the torso turns from profile to frontal position and the forearm extends. We will write a custom essay sample on 3d Animation in Film Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even though all these early examples may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, the lack of equipment to show the images in motion means that these image series are precursors to animation and cannot be called animation in the modern sense. They do, however, indicate the artists intentions and interests in depicting motion. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_animation 2. 0Introduction 3D animation has been in movies and computer games since the 1970s. The initial techniques were simplistic and were only featured for certain aspects such as the space back grounds and special effects in â€Å"Star Wars†. Since the graphics used in 3D animation are computer generated the technology followed the advances in computer software. After the release of the Apple Macintosh personal computer, programs such as 3D Studio Max made it even easier to put motion graphics into films and computer games. As the 1980s progressed, computer generated graphics and animations became a staple in most commercial media. The technology kept getting better and better until 1995, when the film company Pixar raised the bar on 3D technology with their box office hit â€Å"Toy Story†. Toy Story† was the first feature film created entirely with 3-dimensional animations. Since then Pixar and other film production houses have jumped on board and began producing similar films because they were guaranteed to be hits, but Pixar remains the top studio. The process The main reason the technology used in 3-dimensional animations took off dealt with the amount of work it took to create a motion graphic in a digit al setting creating depth to the images. The process begins with developing a primitive outline of a character or object. -dimensional animation differs from 2-dimensional animation because it is done entirely through a computer program rather than paper. After the initial model is created the animator begins texturing it to give the character more depth and adding realistic details. During this step the animator adds features such as hair and clothing. The last step of creating an animated character is the actual animation and adding in the last of the physical details. The animation of a character can be done in various ways such as moving the characters frame by frame or using a built in physics engine to help the characters move naturally. Once this is completed, the character is finished, but the characters that need to be created and animated are only a small part of a 3D project. Along with the characters the background needs to be created as well as the lighting that will be used and the sound for voice-overs and music. After all of these components are put together you will finally have a complete animation sequence. The use of 3D 3-dimensional animations are still used in movies and video games but the prevalence of its use has led to even more commercial uses. Today both television and internet ads use 3D technology and the software used to create the animations is available to the general public. TV advertising in particular has taken advantage of the use of animation. Because of the limitless possibility of characters and settings, the typical physical and location limitations virtually disappear. In the end, creating an advertisement via digital animation saves both time and money. The editing process is a part of the creation and companies paying for the ads already know the cost of the advertisement with no chance of error or problems arising to raise the final ad cost.